Executive Order 13959 (12/11/2020) and amendment thereof (13/01/21)
13959
In a significant new Executive Order issued on November 12, 2020, the current US Administration has prohibited “any transaction” in either the “publicly traded securities,” or “derivative[s]” of securities of companies determined to be “Communist Chinese military compan[ies]” by US authorities. Thirty-one companies, collectively estimated to comprise more than $500 billion in market capitalization, have been designated since June 2020 as “Communist Chinese military compan[ies]” (Targeted Companies) within the meaning of the Order. Additional companies may be added by designation of the US Secretary of Defense or the US Secretary of the Treasury.
The short-term impact of the Order may be significant for US persons with exposure to the Targeted Companies’ securities, while the long-term impact of the Order remains unclear.
We provide further detail on the Order below.
Broad scope of the prohibition
Section 1(a)(i) of the Order prohibits “any transaction in publicly traded securities, or any securities that are derivative of, or are designed to provide investment exposure to such securities, of any Communist Chinese military company . . . by any United States person” beginning at 9:30 EST on January 11, 2021. The term “United States person” means any United States citizen, permanent resident alien, entity organized under the laws of the United States or any jurisdiction within the United States (including foreign branches), or any person in the United States.
The term transaction is defined in Section 4(e) of the Order as “the purchase for value of any publicly traded security.” The term “security” is in turn defined broadly, with reference to the definition in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, such that it includes a wide range of debt and equity instruments. Section 4(d) of the Order excludes from the above definition of “security” any “currency or any note, draft, bill of exchange, or banker’s acceptance which has a maturity at the time of issuance of not exceeding 9 months, exclusive of days of grace, or any renewal thereof the maturity of which is likewise limited . . . .”
In summary, the ban appears to encompass by its express terms the purchase of (i) Targeted Securities, (ii) “derivative[s],” or financial instruments that derive their value from the value of the Targeted Securities, e.g., publicly traded futures, forwards, swaps, or options in the Targeted Securities; and (iii) any “securities” that are “designed to provide investment exposure” to the Targeted Securities. While the meaning of “derivative[s]” is clarified based on the reference to the definition of a “security” in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Order does not define the scope of the phrase “designed to provide investment exposure.”
In connection with the issuance of the Order, US National Security Adviser Robert C. O’Brien indicated in a statement that US investors could “unknowingly provide funds to [the Targeted Companies] through passive institutional investment vehicles such as mutual funds and retirement plans,” and that the Order was designed to “protect American investors” from exposure to the securities of the Targeted Companies. On this basis, it is not entirely clear whether the phrase “designed to provide investment exposure” may include the holding of index funds or exchange-traded funds that in turn directly or indirectly hold a position in one or more of the Targeted Securities.
Effective deadlines
The prohibition on “any transactions” involving securities in the Targeted Companies takes effect on January 11, 2021 with respect to the 31 companies currently designated as “Communist Chinese military compan[ies]” by the US Department of Defense (DoD). Transactions for purposes of divesting, in whole or in part, of securities in the Targeted Companies are permitted until 11:59 EST on November 11, 2021. Section 1(c) of the Order authorizes “purchases for value or sales made on or before 365 days from the date of [designation of any company], solely to divest, in whole or in part, from securities that any United States person held in such person, as of the date 60 days from the date of such [designation].” This provision effectively creates a rolling divestment deadline (i.e., beyond November 11, 2021) for divestment from securities in any companies that may be designated in the future by US authorities.
The Order specifically contemplates the designation of additional companies as “Communist Chinese military compan[ies]” under Section 1(a)(ii). Pursuant to that section, US persons must not engage in any transactions of newly designated companies beginning on 9:30 EST on the date that is 60 days after designation by the US Secretary of Defense or the US Secretary of the Treasury. In other words, bans on transactions in the securities of companies that may be designated in the future will take effect two months after the date of designation, but the rolling divestment window cited above will continue to apply.
Definition of “Communist Chinese military company”
The companies targeted under the Order are limited to “Communist Chinese military company[ies],” a term which is defined in Section 4(a)(i) of the Order with reference to Section 1237 of Public Law 105-261, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1999 (1999 NDAA). Whereas the 1999 NDAA delegated responsibility for naming such companies to the DoD, the Order also contemplates a role for the US Department of the Treasury.
The DoD designated 20 companies as “Communist Chinese military companies” on June 24, 2020. The DoD designated an additional 11 companies on August 28, 2020. There have been no additional designations of companies as “Communist Chinese military compan[ies]” as of the date of this writing.
Ambiguities in the Order’s Terms
As of this writing, key concepts in the Order remain unclear in application. For example, the definition of a prohibited “transaction” covers the purchase of Targeted Securities after the effective date of January 11, 2021. However, the definition does not expressly reference the sale or mere holding of Targeted Securities at any time. It is possible that the Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) will issue guidance concerning the scope and interpretation of the Order in the coming days. Such guidance may, e.g., address whether the receipt of dividends incident to the holding of the Targeted Securities falls within the scope of the prohibition. Finally, the Order does not define what it means for a security to be “designed to provide investment exposure” to Targeted Securities (emphasis added), and how this prohibition would apply to investment vehicles which incidentally include Targeted Securities within, e.g., a market index.
Source:
United States imposes new restrictions on securities of companies allegedly linked to the Chinese military (13/11/20)
edited_Executive Order on Amending Executive Order 13959–Addressing the Threat from Securities Investments that Finance Communist Chinese Military Companies – The White House
There have been several significant developments over the past week in connection with Executive Order (EO) 13959 (“Addressing the Threat from Securities Investments that Finance Communist Chinese Military Companies”) (EO 13959 or Order), dated November 12, 2020. We have previously addressed developments related to EO 13959 in our posts in November 2020, December 2020, and January 2021. The three key developments include the following:
- On January 13, 2021, President Donald J. Trump issued “Executive Order on Amending Executive Order 13959–Addressing the Threat from Securities Investments that Finance Communist Chinese Military Companies”, which makes significant amendments to EO 13959 regarding the scope of restrictions on US persons. Notably, it prohibits the “possession” of covered CCMC securities by US persons after the end of the divestment period.
- On January 14, 2021, the US Department of Defense (DoD) designated nine further Chinese companies as “Communist Chinese military companies” (CCMC) targeted under EO 13959.
- Finally, the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) of the US Department of the Treasury issued General License 1 (GL1), which authorizes transactions in the securities of subsidiaries of designated CCMCs, regardless of whether those subsidiaries bear names that “closely match[]” the name of designated CCMCs, until 9:30am on January 28, 2021.
We address each of these developments in turn below.
Amendments to EO 13959
The Amended Order clarifies ambiguities that were present in EO 13959 in connection with divestment and the scope of permissible actions for US persons. The changes significantly expand the practical impact of the Order for companies, investors, and fund managers with exposure to the “publicly traded” securities of CCMCs.
The two key changes implemented by the Amended Order are the following:
- Prohibition on “Possession” Following Divestment Period
Sections 1(b)(i) and 1(b)(ii) of EO 13959 authorized US persons to divest, in whole or in part, from CCMC securities, within one year of the entity’s designation as a CCMC (the Divestment Period). For the 31 CCMCs designated as of the issuance of EO 13959 on November 12, 2020, the Divestment Period extends to 11:59pm on November 11, 2021. For any CCMCs designated subsequent to the issuance of EO 13959, e.g., the CCMCs designated on December 3, 2020 or the CCMCs designated on January 14, 2021, the Divestment Period extends for 365 days from the date the CCMC was designated. As originally drafted, the divestment period did not expressly prohibit US persons from holding or possessing CCMC securities after the Divestment Period ends.
The Amended Order significantly revises Sections 1(b)(i) and 1(b)(ii) of EO 13959 by prohibiting “possession” of CCMC securities following the end of the applicable Divestment Period. OFAC has not provided guidance on the definition of the term “possession,” and the term is not otherwise defined in the Amended Order. However, given the significant discretion OFAC has in implementing US sanctions, companies would be well-served to construe the term broadly, unless indicated otherwise by OFAC guidance.
In summary, the revisions to Sections 1(b)(i) and 1(b)(ii) appear to preclude US persons from retaining title or ownership following the end of the applicable Divestment Period of any publicly traded CCMC security, “or any securities that are derivative of, or are designed to provide investment exposure to such securities.” The term “United States person” refers to “any United States citizen, permanent resident alien, entity organized under the laws of the United States or any jurisdiction within the United States (including foreign branches), or any person in the United States.”
- Expansion of the Definition of the Term “Transaction”
The Amended Order revised the definition of the term “transaction” in Section 4(e) of EO 13959 to include “the purchase for value, or sale, of any publicly traded security.” The original definition referred only to the “purchase for value” of CCMC securities; the term “sale” was not present in the original EO. As a result, the Order as originally drafted appeared to suggest that the “sale” of CCMC securities was not prohibited or otherwise restricted under the EO.
In summary, the revision to the definition of the term “transaction” broadens the reach of EO 13959. As a practical matter, US persons should avoid any transactions in covered CCMC securities, except for purposes of divestment, during the applicable Divestment Period.
Designation of Additional CCMCs
On January 14, 2021, the US Department of Defense designated nine additional Chinese companies as CCMCs. These entities join the 31 entities designated in August 2020, the four entities designated in December 2020, and the four subsidiaries that were publicly listed by OFAC on January 6, 2021.
General License 1
On January 8, 2021, OFAC issued a General License 1 (GL1) for EO 13959. GL1 addressed the confusion that had arisen in relation to when and how subsidiaries of CCMCs would be deemed subject to EO 13959. As discussed in our previous post, OFAC FAQ 864 (issued on January 6, 2021), made clear that the public listing of a subsidiary by OFAC is a sufficient, but not a necessary condition for bringing such subsidiary within EO 13959. FAQ 864 stated that any subsidiary with a name that “exactly or closely matches” the name of the designated CCMC would be considered by OFAC to be subject to EO 13959. Unfortunately, FAQ 864 provided no guidance on the standard that would be applied to assess whether a match constitutes a “close match” for purposes of EO 13959.
GL1 affords some temporary breathing room to companies with exposure to the “publicly traded securities” of subsidiaries of CCMCs. Specifically, GL1 authorizes “all transactions and activities prohibited by section 1(a)(i)” of EO 13959 in the securities of an entity whose name closely matches the name of a CCMC that has not been “publicly listed” on OFAC’s Non-SDN Communist Chinese Military Companies List through 9:30 a.m. eastern standard time, January 28, 2021.
OFAC general licenses may be extended at OFAC’s discretion. OFAC has not indicated whether GL1 will be extended at the time of writing.
Source:
President Trump Amends EO 13959 on “Communist Chinese Military Companies” (15/01/21)